Elimination of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Media Using Lagurus Ovatus as a Natural Adsorbent

Saddam Mohammed Al-Mahmoud

doi:10.18321/ectj1669

Authors

Saddam Mohammed Al-Mahmoud Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Women, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18321/ectj1669

Keywords:

Crystal violet, Dye removal, Adsorption, Lagurus ovatus, Bunny tail grass

Abstract

Dyes play an essential role in water contamination; however, more effort must be made to reduce this issue. This study utilised Lagurus ovatus as an adsorbent, which can be considered an inexpensive weed, to remove the crystal violet from aqueous media. Various factors were examined, and it was found that the highest dye removal efficiency was obtained at pH between 5─11, the adsorbent weight of 2 g/L, the contact time of 40 min, and at the temperature of 50 °C. At the same time, it decreases with increasing dye concentration to reach its lowest value of about 82% at 80 mg/L. The thermodynamic study denotes the endothermic behaviour of the removal system. Also, the kinetic investigation elucidates that the best fit of the removal data can be offered by applying the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. In addition, the study of the isotherms reveals that the removal system follows precisely the Langmuir isotherm. The proposed adsorption mechanism is the electrostatic attraction between the cationic dye and the biosorbent surface. These results suggest that Lagurus ovatus, a new and alternative natural adsorbent, can be utilised efficiently to eliminate crystal violet from aqueous media.

References

(1) E. Rosales, J. Meijide, T. Tavares, et al., Grapefruit peelings as a promising biosorbent for the removal of leather dyes and hexavalent chromium, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 101 (2016) 61–71. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.03.006

(2) S. Kainth, P. Sharma, O.P. Pandey, Green sorbents from agricultural wastes: A review of sustainable adsorption materials, Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv. 19 (2024) 100562. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100562

(3) M.T. Yagub, T.K. Sen, S. Afroze, et al., Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 209 (2014) 172–184. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002

(4) R. Kumar, R. Ahmad, Biosorption of hazardous crystal violet dye from aqueous solution onto treated ginger waste (TGW), Desalination 265 (2011) 112–118. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.07.040

(5) Y. Miyah, A. Lahrichi, M. Idrissi, et al., Assessment of adsorption kinetics for removal potential of Crystal Violet dye from aqueous solutions using Moroccan pyrophylliteFootnote, J. Assoc. Arab Univ. Basic Appl. Sci. 23 (2017) 20–28. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2016.06.001

(6) A.A. Márquez, O. Coreño, J.L. Nava, Removal of brilliant green tannery dye by electrocoagulation, J. Electroanal. Chem. 911 (2022) 116223. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116223

(7) J. Gomes, R. Costa, R.M. Quinta-ferreira, et al., Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water, Sci. Total Environ. 586 (2017) 265–283. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.216

(8) A.F. Al-mahmodi, M.R. Atta, Y. Munusamy, et al., Adsorption of reactive black 5 dye using eggshell waste supported by Fe2O3: An equilibrium isotherms study, Chem. Thermodyn. Therm. Anal. 18 (2025) 100174. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctta.2025.100174

(9) S.W. Ko, H. Chung, Preparation of C60 Fullerene Nanowhisker–CuS Nanoparticle Composites and Photocatalyst for Rhodamine B Degradation under Blue Light Emitting Diode Irradiation, Eurasian Chem.-Technol. J. 25 (2023) 65–71. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.18321/ectj1496

(10) A. Ma, A. Abushaikha, S.J. Allen, et al., Ion exchange homogeneous surface diffusion modelling by binary site resin for the removal of nickel ions from wastewater in fixed beds, Chem. Eng. J. 358 (2019) 1–10. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.135

(11) S.M. Khalaf, S.M. Al-Mahmoud, Adsorption of Tetracycline Antibiotic from Aqueous solutions using Natural Iraqi Bentonite, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 64 (2021) 5511–5519. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.76358.3734

(12) N.B. Singh, G. Nagpal, S. Agrawal, Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review, Environ. Technol. Innov. 11 (2018) 187–240. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006

(13) Z.T. Chong, L.S. Soh, W.F. Yong, Valorization of agriculture wastes as biosorbents for adsorption of emerging pollutants: Modification, remediation and industry application, Results Eng. 17 (2023) 100960. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100960

(14) S.M. Al-Mahmoud, Kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic investigations for the use of pumpkin seed husks as low-cost biosorbent of solochrome cyanine R from aqueous solutions, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 63 (2020) 2947–2957. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2020.24327.2445

(15) O.S. Bayomie, H. Kandeel, T. Shoeib, et al., Novel approach for effective removal of methylene blue dye from water using fava bean peel waste, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 1–10. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64727-5

(16) R. Chandrasekar, H.K. Rajendran, V. Priyan et al., Valorization of sawdust by mineral acid assisted hydrothermal carbonization for the adsorptive removal of bisphenol A: A greener approach, Chemosphere 303 (2022) 135171. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135171

(17) S.T. Nipa, N.R. Shefa, S. Parvin, et al., Adsorption of methylene blue on papaya bark fiber: Equilibrium, isotherm and kinetic perspectives, Results Eng. 17 (2023) 100857. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100857

(18) K. Mabalane, N.D. Shooto, P.M. Thabede, A novel permanganate and peroxide carbon-based avocado seed waste for the adsorption of manganese and chromium ions from water, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 10 (2024) 100782. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100782

(19) S. Behera, P. Barik, B. Chandra, et al., Adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solutions using nano-lignin synthesized from waste agricultural rice straw, Waste Manag. Bull. 2 (2024) 136–144. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2024.10.003

(20) I.A.W. Khalaf, S.M. Al‐Mahmoud, Chemical Treatment of Moringa Seed Peels for the Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Macromolecule: Kinetic And Thermodynamic Calculations, Macromol. Symp. 414 (2025) 2400223. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.202400223

(21) F.T. Zohra, S. Ahmed, M.Z. Alam, et al., Bio-waste to environmental purifier: Application of potato peel for acid red 73 adsorption from leather dyeing effluent, Water Resour. Ind. 33 (2025) 100281. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2025.100281

(22) B. Kashyap, Y. Gupta, R. Gupta, et al., Studies on dyeing and value-addition of ornamental grass Lagurus ovatus, J. Hill Agric. 7 (2016) 28–31. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00005.7

(23) M.A. Al-ghouti, D.A. Da’ana, Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: A review, J. Hazard. Mater. 293 (2020) 122383. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383

(24) Y. Zhou, J. Lu, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, Recent advances for dyes removal using novel adsorbents: A review, Environ Pollut. 252 (2019) 352–365. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.072

(25) A. Stavrinou, C.A. Aggelopoulos, C.D. Tsakiroglou, Exploring the adsorption mechanisms of cationic and anionic dyes onto agricultural waste peels of banana, cucumber and potato: Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms as a tool, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 6958–6970. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.10.063

(26) A. Saeed, M. Sharif, M. Iqbal, Application potential of grapefruit peel as dye sorbent: Kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism of crystal violet adsorption, J. Hazard. Mater. 179 (2010) 564–572. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.041

(27) R. Zein, H. Fathony, P. Ramadhani, et al., Facile chemically activation process of kapok husk as a low-cost biosorbent for removal methylene blue dye in aqueous solution, J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 89 (2024) 123–140. Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC230303084Z