Physical Assets by SHS in the Framework of ISRU and ISFR Paradigms for Human Space Missions on the Moon
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18321/ectj151Abstract
In this work a brief overview of the most important technologies for space exploration, with particular emphasis on the Moon missions, is presented. It is shown that the focus has been on the technologies to extract consumables (O2, H2O, N2) for human life-support replenishment. The fact that the exploitation of extraterrestrial resources to obtain the desired materials during each ongoing mission, which has been the subject of several investigations since the sixties of the last century, is discussed. The paradigms ISRU (In Situ Resources Utilization) and ISFR (In Situ Fabrication and Repair) are then introduced. In particular, one of the most important process for the production of oxygen, i.e. the reduction of ilmenite by hydrogen is analyzed. In addition, the current iteration of the roadmap which identifies two feasible pathways for human missions after ISS (International Space Station) is addressed. Next, the fabrication of Lunar physical assets is taken into account, while focusing particularly on those processes where combustion-like reactions are exploited. The main results recently obtained in the literature in this regards are also summarized. In particular, the choice of the reducing agent and the influence of the most important processing parameters (composition of the starting mixture, gas pressure level, and gravity conditions) are examined in a systematic manner.
References
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3. Heppenheimer, T. A, Transport of lunar material to the sites of the colonies, Space manufacturing
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4. Criswell, D. R.; Waldron, R. D., Commercial prospects for extraterrestrial materials, Journal of Contemporary Business, 7: 153, (1978).
5. Bock, E. H.; Risley, R. C., Cost comparisons for the use of nonterrestrial materials in space manufacturing
of large structures, 30th International Astronautical Federation, 1979.
6. Williams, R. J.; Hubbard, N., Report of Workshop on Methodology for Evaluating Potential Lunar Resources Sites, Report No.(s): NASATM-58235 (1981).
7. Sadin, S. R., Litty, J. D., Enabling technologies for transition to utilization of space-based resources and operations, Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, Space Congress, 22nd, 1985.
8. Bassler, J.A., Bodiford, M.P., Hammond, M.S., King, R., McIemore, C.A., Hall, N.R., Fiske, M.R., Ray, J.A., In Situ Fabrication and Repair (ISFR) Technologies, New Challenges for Exploration Collection of Technical Papers, 44th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting 6, p. 4166-4172, 2006.
9. Hammond, M.S., Good, J.E., Gilley, S.D., Howard, R.W., Developing fabrication technologies to provide on demand manufacturing for exploration of the Moon and Mars Collection of Technical Papers, 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting 9, p. 6353, 2006.
10. Howell, J.T., Fikes, J.C., McLemore C.A., Good, J.E., On-site fabrication infrastructure to enable efficient exploration and utilization of space, International Astronautical Federation - 59th International Astronautical Congress 2008, p. 7842, 2008.
11. A. Concas, G. Corrias, R. Orrù, R. Licheri, M. Pisu and G. Cao, “Remarks on ISRU and ISFR technologies for manned missions on Moon and Mars”, Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal, 14:243, (2012).
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13. Mankins, J.C., New Strategy for Exploration Technology Development: The Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) Exploration/Commercialization Technology Initiative, Space Resources Roundtable II, 2000.
14. Staehle, R.L.; Dowling, R., Lunar base siting, Resources of Near-Earth Space: Abstracts, Arizona
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15. Reysa, R. P.; Flugel, C. W.; Thompson, C. D., Test evaluation of space station ECLSS maintenance concepts, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, California, 1978.
16. Baiocco, P. and Espinosa, A., Feasibility study of a European launch system dedicated to micro satellites, Proceedings of The 4S Symposium: Small Satellites, Systems and Services (ESA SP-571), 2004.
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19. Taylor, L.A. and Carrier, W.D., Oxygen Production on the Moon: An Overview and Evaluation, Chapter in Resources of Near-Earth Space, Univ. of Ariz. Series, p. 69, 1993.
20. Gibson, M. A. and Knudsen, C. W., Lunar Oxygen production from ilmenite, in Paper presented to the Symp. On Lunar Bases and Space Activities in the 21st Century, p.94, 1988.
21. Zhao, Y., and Shadman, F., Reaction engineering for materials processing in space: Reduction of ilmenite by hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Resources of Near-Earth Space: Second Annual Symp. UAINASA SERC, 1991.
22. Friedlander, H. N., An analysis of alternate hydrogen sources for lunar manufacture, Lunar Base and Space Activities of the 21st Century, p. 611, 1985.
23. McKay, D. S., Morris, R. V. And Jurewecz, A., Reduction of simulated lunar glass by carbon and hydrogen and its implications for lunar base oxygen production, Lunar Planet Sci XXII, 1991.
24. Dalton, C., and Hohmann, E., Conceptual Design of a Lunar Colony, NASNASEE Systems Design Inst., NASA Grant NGT 44-005-1 14, (1972).
25. Burt, D. M., Lunar production of oxygen and metals using fluorine: Concepts involving fluorite, lithium, and acid-base theory, Lunar Planetary Sci, XIX, 1988.
26. Lynch, D. C., Chlorination processing of local planetary ores for oxygen and metallurgically important metals, In Space Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources Annual Progress Report 1988-1989, 1989.
27. Steurer, W. H., and Nerad, B. A. Vapor phase reduction, In Research on the Use of Space Resources, ed. W. F. Carroll, NASA JPL Publ. 83-36., 1983.
28. Allen, P.H., Pribrey, K.A. and Detering, B., Plasma processing of lunar ilmenite to produce oxygen, Engineering Construction and Operations in Space, Proc. Space 88, p. 411, 1988.
29. Haskin, L. A., Toward a Spartan scenario for use of lunar materials, Lunar Bases and Space Activities
of the 21st Century, p. 435, 1985.
30. Keller, R., Dry Extraction of Silicon and Aluminum from Lunar Ores, Final Report SBIR contract NAS 9-17575, EMEC Consultants, 1986.
31. Rosemberg, S.D., Guter, G. A. and Miller, F. E., The on-site manufacture of propellant oxygen from lunar resources, Aerospace Chemical Engineering, p. 228, 1966.
32. Waldron, R. D., Magma partial oxidation: A new method for oxygen recovery from lunar soil, In Space Manufacturing 7, Proc. of the Ninth PrincetonlAIAAISSI Conf.: Space Resources to Improve Life on Earth, eds. B. Faughnan and G. Maryniak (New York: AIAA), pp. 69, 1989.
33. Semkow, K. W., and Sammells, A. F., The indirect electrochemical refining of lunar ores, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134:2088, (1987).
34. Waldron, R. D., and Criswell, D. R., Materials processing in space, In Space Industrialization, vol. I, ed. B. O›Leary (New York: AIAA), p. 97, 1982.
35. Sullivan, T. A., Process engineering concerns in the lunar environment. In Proc. AIAA Space Prog. and Technologies Conf (New York: AIAA), AIAA Paper 90, 1990.
36. Satish, H., Radzisewski, P, Ouellet, J., Design Issues and Challenges in Lunar/Martian Mining applications, Mining Technology, Vol. 114, p. 107, (2005).
37. Agosto, W.N., Electrostatic Concentration of Lunar Soil Minerals, Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century. Houston, TX, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 453, 1985.
38. Taylor, L. A.; Carrier, W. D., The feasibility of processes for the production of oxygen on the moon, Engineering, construction, and operations in space - III: Space ‘92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Vol. 1, Denver, 1992.
39. Oder, R. R., Taylor, L. A., Magnetic beneficiation of highland and hi-Ti mare soils - Magnet requirements, Space 90: The Second International Conference, Vol. 1, p. 133, 1990.
40. Ruiz, J.; Ilmenite beneficiation and high-precision analyses of extraterrestrial material, Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources, Vol. 91, 1990.
41. Taylor, L. A.; Carrier, W. D., The feasibility of processes for the production of oxygen on the moon, Engineering, construction, and operations in space - III: Space ‘92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Vol. 1, Denver, 1992.
42. Detwiler, M., Foong, C. S., Stocklin, C., Conceptual design of equipment to excavate and transport regolith from the lunar maria, Report No.(s): NASA-CR-189972, 1990.
43. Zuppero, A., Landis, G.A., Mass budget for mining the moons of Mars, Arizona Univ., Resources of Near-Earth Space: Abstracts (1991).
44. Paterson, J.L., Mobile continuous lunar excavation, Engineering, construction, and operations in space – III : Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Vol. 1, 1992.
45. Hall, R. A., Green, P.A., Transfer of terrestrial technology for lunar mining, Engineering, construction, and operations in space - III: Space ‘92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Vol. 1, 1992.
46. Siekmeier, J. A., Design criteria for an underground lunar mine, Engineering, construction, and operations in space - III: Space ‘92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Vol. 1, 1992.
47. Landis, G. A., Materials Refining on the Moon, Acta Astronautica, 60:906, (2007).
48. Zeng, X., He, C., Oravec, H., Wilkinson, A., Agui, J., and Asnani, V., Geotechnical Properties of JSC-1A Lunar Soil Simulant, J. Aerosp. Eng., 23:111, (2010).
49. Freundlich, A., Ignatiev, A., Horton, C., Duke, M., Curreri, P., Sibille, L., Manufacture of solar cells on the moon, Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1:794, (2005).
50. Ignatiev, A., Solar cells for lunar applications by vacuum evaporation of lunar regolith materials, Resources of Near-Earth Space, Vol. 1, 1991.
51. Glaser, P.E., Energy for lunar resource exploitation, Proceedings of the Lunar Materials Technology
Symposium, Vol. 1, 1992.
52. Woodcock, G. Electrical power integration for lunar operations, Proceedings of the Lunar Materials
Technology Symposium, Vol. 1, 1992.
53. Ignatiev, A., Space Resources Roundtable II, (2000).
54. Rapp, Donald, Use of Extraterrestrial Resources for Human Space Missions to Moon and Mars, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2013.
55. Ehricke, K. A., Large-scale processing of lunar materials, Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space, (1976).
56. Waldron, R. D., Electrorefining process for lunar free metal - Space and terrestrial applications and implications, Space manufacturing 4, Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSR-09-051-001, 1981.
57. Ramohalli, Kumar, Oxygen plant breadboard design, and techniques for improving mission figure-of-merit, NASA Space Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources, 1992.
58. Desai, C.S., Development and mechanical properties of construction materials from lunar simulant, NASA Space Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources, 1992.
59. Fabes, B. D., Poisl, W. H., Allen, D., Minitti, M., Hawley, S., Beck, T., Melt-processing of lunar ceramics, NASA Space Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources, 1992.
60. Leong, G. N., Nease, S., Lager, V., Yaghjian, R., Waller, C., Dorrity, J. L., Lunar preform manufacturing,
Report No.(s): NASA-CR-192064, 1992.
61. Allen, C., Graf, J., McKay, D., Sintering bricks on the moon, Engineering, construction, and operations,
Space IV Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., p.1220–1229, 1994.
62. Toutanji, H., Glenn-Loper, B., Schrayshuen, B., Strength and durability performance of waterless
Lunar concrete, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit - Meeting Papers, p. 11427, 2005.
63. Tucker, D., Ethridge, E., Toutanji, H., Production of glass fibers for reinforcing Lunar concrete, Collection of Technical Papers, 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting 9, p. 6335, 2006.
64. Matsumoto, S., Namba,H., Kai, Y., Yoshida, T., Concrete structure construction on the Moon, Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, Volume 2, 1992.
65. Ishikawa, N., Kanamori, H., Okada, T., The possibility of concrete production on the Moon, The Second Conference on Lunar Basesand Space Activities of the 21st Century, Volume 2, 1992.
66. Meyers, C. and Toutanji, H., Analysis of Lunar-Habitat Structure Using Waterless Concrete and Tension Glass Fibers, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 20, (2007).
67. Martirosyan, K.S., Luss, D., Combustion synthesis of ceramic composites from Lunar soil simulant, 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2006). Abstract, 1896.
68. Faierson, E.J., Logan, K.V., Stewart, B.K., Hunt, M.P., Demonstration of concept for fabrication of Lunar physical assets utilizing Lunar regolith simulant and a geothermite reaction, Acta Astronautica, 67:38, (2010).
69. Faierson, E.J., Logan, K.V., Geothermite reactions for in situ resource utilization on the moon and beyond, in: Proc. of Earth and Space 2010: Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments, p. 1152, 2010.
70. G. Corrias, R. Licheri, R.Orrù and G. Cao, Selfpropagating High-temperature Synthesis Reactions for ISRU and ISFR Applications, Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal, 14, (2011).
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2013-05-20
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Corrias, G., Licheri, R., Orrù, R., & Cao, G. (2013). Physical Assets by SHS in the Framework of ISRU and ISFR Paradigms for Human Space Missions on the Moon. Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal, 15(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.18321/ectj151
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