XRD Characterization of the Structure of Graphites and Carbon Materials Obtained by the Low-Temperature Graphitization of Coal Tar Pitch
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18321/ectj198Keywords:
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Raman scattering bentonite clay carbon nanotubes combustion conversion flaring gel polymer-clay composites modification morphological structure nanoparticles nitrogen petroleum gases polymer-clay composition re-entry space pollution supercapacitors swelling degree synthesis, intercalation thermites worked-off stagesAbstract
The structure of some commercial graphites and carbon materials (CMs) obtained by the low-temperature catalytic graphitization of coal tar pitch with iron salt, needle coke, foamed graphite as the catalysts has been studied. The study was performed using the X-ray diffraction technique with reflections from base plane and their decomposition into two components corresponding to the structural phases of graphite which have different XRD characteristics. Various CMs were compared with respect to the structural phase ratio, distance between polyarene layers in these phases, and sizes of the coherent scattering regions. The (004) reflection provided a better fit of some properties of graphites to the calculated XRD characteristics as compared to calculation from the (002) reflection. In the case of carbonization of coal tar pitch with investigated catalyst additions, prepared carbon materials have a higher degree of graphitization and a crystallite size greater than in the other case of carbonization of the individual pitch. The highest catalytic activity is shown by foamed graphite. It was found that the use of foamed graphite as the catalyst at 800-900 ºC produced carbon materials possessing a crystalline structure with interplanar spacing close to that in commercial graphites, while in the absence of catalyst the coal tar pitch material has an amorphous structure.
References
[2]. Y. Kodama, K. Sato, K. Suzuki, Y. Saito, T.J. Konno, Carbon 50 (10) (2012) 3486–3496.
[3]. Ch. Zhang, M. Fransson, Ch. Liu, B. Zhou, Carbon nanostructures manufactured from catalytic templating nanoparticles. US Patent 2007/0265162 A1. Nov. 15. 2007.
[4]. Ch.N. Barnakov, A.P. Koslov, S.K. SeitAblaeva, V.Yu. Malysheva, Z.R. Ismagilov, V.F. Anufrienko, A method for the production of foamed graphite: RF Patent 2429194 // B.I. 2011. No. 26.
[5]. Ch.N. Barnakov, A.P. Koslov, S.K. Seit-Ablaeva, Z.R. Ismagilov, A method for the production of graphite: RF Patent 2476374 // B.I. 2013. No. 6.
[6]. G.P. Khokhlova, V.Yu. Malysheva, Ch.N. Barnakov, A.N. Popova, Z.R. Ismagilov, Proc. of the Kuzbass State Technical University 5 (2013) 21–24.
[7]. G.P. Khokhlova, Ch.N. Barnakov, V.Yu. Malysheva, A.N. Popova, Z.R. Ismagilov, Solid Fuel Chem. 49 (2) (2015) 66–72.
[8]. R.E. Franklin, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 209 (1951) 196–218.
[9]. M.A. Khaskov, Intercalation and carbide formation in the graphite – lithium and fullerite (C60, C70) – lithium systems. Thesis... Dr. chem. MSU Publ. Moscow, 2008. 208 p.
[10]. E.I. Zhmurikov, A.I. Romanenko, L.G. Bulusheva, O.B. Anikeeva, Yu.V. Lavskaya, A.V. Okotrub, O.G. Abrosimov, S.V. Tsybula, P.V. Logachev, L. Tecchio, J. of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques 11 (2007) 29–35.
[11]. V.V. Avdeev, A.I. Finaenov, A.V. Yakovlev, E.V. Yakovleva, S.L. Sabudkov, N.T. Sorokina, V.A. Sezemin, S.G. Ionov, N.V. Maximova, I.V. Nikolskaya, A method for the production of foamed graphite; foamed graphite synthesized by this method. RF Patent 2233794 // B.I. 2004. No. 22.
[12]. N.E. Sorokina, M.A. Khaskov, V.V. Avdeev, I.V. Nikolskaya, Journal of General Chemistry 75 (2) (2005) 184–191.
[13]. V.I. Saranchuk, A.T. Airuni, K.E. Kovalev, Supramolecular organization, structure and properties of carbons. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1988, 191 p.
[14]. E.A. Chudinov, Theoretical and experimental substantiation of engineering solutions aimed to enhance the performance of lithium-ion cell with modified electrodes and electrolytes: Thesis Dr. tech. sci. Saratov Technical University Publ., Saratov, 2012. 36 p.
[15]. V.A. Liopo, V.V. Voina, X-ray Diffractometry: Study guide. Grodno State University Publ., Grodno, 2003, 171 p.
[16]. E.I. Zhmurikov, I.A. Bubnenkov, V.V. Aremov, S.I. Samarin, A.S. Pokrovsky, D.V. Kharkov, Graphite in science and nuclear engineering. SB RAS Publ., Novosibirsk, 2013, 163 p.
[17]. A.I. Kitaigorodsky, Molecular crystals. Nauka, Moscow, 1971, 424 p.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal applies a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License to articles and other works we publish.
Subject to the acceptance of the Article for publication in the Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal, the Author(s) agrees to grant Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal permission to publish the unpublished and original Article and all associated supplemental material under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0).
Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.
